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- The 15th-century attempt to urge the
- supremacy of church councils over the popes,
- with regard to the Great Schism and the
- reformation of the church. Councils were held
- in Pisa 1409, Constance 1414-18, Pavia-Siena
- 1423-24, Basle 1431-49, and
- Ferrara-Florence-Rome 1438-47. After ending
- the Schism in 1417 with the removal of John
- XXIII (1410- 15), Gregory XII (1406-15), and
- Benedict XIII (1394-1423), and the election
- of Martin V (1417-31), the movement fell into
- disunity over questions of reform, allowing
- Eugenius IV (1431-47) to use Ferrara-
- Florence-Rome to reasssert papal supremacy.
-